Nitrogen Fertilization and Straw Management Economically Improve Wheat Yield and Energy Use Efficiency, Reduce Carbon Footprint

Fertilization is an effective agronomic management technique for increasing crop production. However, the overuse of chemical fertilizer stimulates energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are antagonistic to sustainable wheat In this study, we estimated GHG performances different fertilization regimes based on a 32−year experiment. long−term experiment, there five treatments: CK (no with residue removal), NPK (chemical NPKPM pig manure NPKCM cattle NPKWS retention). The results indicated that consumed higher total than NPKWS, was attributed extra usage farmyard manure. Although increased output by 4.7 2.8%, stood out delivering highest use efficiency (EUE) 6.66, productivity 0.26 kg MJ−1, profitability 5.66, net return 1799.82 US$ ha−1 lower specific 3.84 MJ kg−1. Moreover, yield scale carbon footprint decreased 66.7 52.3% compared NPKPM, respectively. This study shows application in combination retention good strategy increase EUE economic benefits while decreasing